Investigation of the Psychological Resilience Levels of Traditional Wrestling Referees in Terms of Different Variables
Keywords:
Psychological Resilience, Referee, Traditional WrestlingAbstract
Traditional sports have held a significant place within Turkish culture throughout history and are widely regarded as an integral component of this cultural heritage. Among these, traditional wrestling stands out as one of the few disciplines that has preserved its continuity and remains actively practiced to the present day. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological resilience levels of traditional wrestling referees in relation to various demographic and professional variables. The sample of the study consisted of 60 active traditional wrestling referees aged between 19 and 57 years. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and a descriptive survey design was employed within the scope of the study. The Brief Resilience Scale was used as the data collection instrument. This scale was originally developed by Smith et al. and adapted into Turkish by Doğan. In the data analysis process, the assumption of normality was initially tested, and the results indicated that the data were normally distributed. Accordingly, independent samples t-test was applied for comparisons between two groups, while one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify potential differences among more than two groups. The findings of the t-test revealed that, in terms of marital status, married referees had significantly higher psychological resilience scores compared to single referees. Furthermore, according to the ANOVA results, statistically significant differences were observed among groups with respect to refereeing experience, age, and income level variables..
References
Arslanoğlu, E., Tekin, M., Arslanoğlu, C., & Özmutlu, İ. (2010). Voleybol hakemlerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre kaygı ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaç düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 985-995.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Clegg, R., & Thompson, W. A. (1993). Modern sports officiating: a practical guide (No. Ed. 5, pp. x+-268).
Çelik, O. B., Tekkurşun Demir, G., İlhan, E. L., Cicioğlu, H. İ., & Esentürk, O. K. (2019). Sporcu ergenlerde psikolojik sağlamlık. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 296–303
Çutuk, S., Beyleroğlu, M., Hazar, M., Çutuk, Z. A., & Bezci, Ş. (2017). Judo Sporcularının Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Düzeyleri İle Kaygı Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 109-117.
Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
Duygun, B. T. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik dayanıklılık ve beden imgesi algısının internet bağımlılığı ile ilişkisinin araştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Efe, M., Öztürk, F., & Koparan, Ş. (2008). Bursa ilindeki faal futbol hakemlerinin problem çözme ve atilganlik düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 49-58.
Karademir, T., & Açak, M. (2019). Üniversiteli sporcuların psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 803–816. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.566577
Karakaya, İ. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. A. Tanrıöğen (Edt.) Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Anı.
Kural, S., & Aydın, F. (2023). Futbol hakemlerinin serbest zaman doyum düzeyleri ile psikolojik sağlamlık ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 14–25.
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4), 857–885. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004156
Masten AS, & Coatsworth J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologis,( 53), 205- 220.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
Özsoy, S. (2014). Futbolun Sözel Hali: Televizyon Programlari. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5(9), 280-301.
Popovych, I., Kurova, A., Koval, I., Kazibekova, V., Maksymov, M., & Huzar, V. (2022). Interdependence of emotionality, anxiety, aggressiveness and subjective control in handball referees before the beginning of a game: a comparative analysis. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(3), 680-689.
Sivri, S., Kıratlı, E., & Karaca, A. A. (2023). Tenis Hakemlerinin Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Sürekli Kaygı Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 6(1), 78-90.
Smith, B. W., deCruz-Dixon, N., Schodt, K., & Torres, F. (2025). Brief resilience scale (BRS). In Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research (pp. 1677-1695). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
SPSS I. IBM SPSS statistics for windows. Version 27.0. Armonk, New York,
USA: IBM Corp. 2020
Windle, M. (1999). Critical conceptual and measurement issues in the study of resilience. In Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 161-176). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Dönmez, A., Baykara, C., Toçoğlu, S., Şahin, M. O., & Cana, H. (2025). Hokey hakemlerinin karar verme sürecinde bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(1), 57-68. https://izlik.org/JA88JM66PU
Karaçam, A., Orhan, B. E., Özdemir, A. S., & Sabuncu, A. (2022). Hakemlerin duygu düzenleme düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Sport for All and Recreation, 4(1), 4-9. https://izlik.org/JA28AE72UR
Özcan, A., & Atilla, G. (2021). Futbol hakemlerinin zihinsel dayanıklılık ve örgüte bağlılık ilişkisinde öz yeterliğin aracılık rolü. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2), 815-837. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.869477
Ulutaş, H. (2021). Futbol hakemlerinin klasmanlarına göre psikolojik dayanıklılık ve karar verme stillerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 YUSUF KURT, Onur ÖZTÜRK
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
